![]() ![]() The paper tries to locate, through a critical examination, the new movements within a broader context of anti-neo-liberalism and anti-globalization and find political potentiality within it. The causes of turning freeter have been attributed to from status symbolic apathy toward the traditional work career and life style of baby boomers to hardship of economic slumps that swept Japan in the 1990s and in the first few years of the current decade. The transformation of society, economy and politics, known as 'post-modernization' or recently as 'globalization', has asked us to re-consider and re-define the basic concepts such as class, proletariat, power, labour and work which we once shared. It sees freeters, young part-time workers, as emerging, new political actors that have appeared through the transition of a mode of production from Fordism to post-Fordism. With limited skills, support or understanding male freeters often struggle both finan cially and socially as they move into their late 20s and 30s. The estimated total number of ‘freeters’ has quadrupled over the last two decades, amounting to over two million at the turn of the century (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare 2003). The freeter may also be low paid, or, most interestingly, be a freelancer. There has been a remarkable increase in the number of ‘freeters’ in Japan since the mid-1990s. Freeter describes someone who isn’t in full-time employment or who didn’t move into a career role after graduation. The paper also explores the historical background against which the new movements were born and have developed since the end of the Bubble economy. ‘Freeter’ is a label attached to young atypical workers in Japan. These movements are different from traditional Marxist political ones and even from the new social movements in the 1960s and 1970s in the sense that they incorporate more cultural practices such as art, music, dance and performance into their political activities. It refers to a generation of informal workers considered rebellious by their elders for jumping from one job to another. The new movements, including Dameren, the Cardboard House Art movements in Shinjuku and recent anti-war protests on the Iraqi war, were mainly led by young people, in particular, the freeter generation, who did not experience the leftist politics of the 1960s. Freeter in Japanese furt is derived from the English word free (freedom) and the German arbeiter (temporary employment). The Embassy of Japan in the Kingdom of Bahrain is pleased to invite interested Bahraini students who wish to study various fields at Japanese universities as 'Research Students (postgraduate students)' to apply for MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) Scholarship for 2024. This paper examines new cultural and political movements that have developed outside of traditional leftist politics since the early 1990s in Japan. Through an exploration of intimate expectations, ideals, and male freeters' romantic relationships, this article examines the ways in which expectations and practices of intimacy are shifting in.
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